Potential ways of Developing
a philosophical approach
to your research:
Developing a heuristic + -
What is a heuristic? A heuristic, or a heuristic technique, is any
approach to problem solving that uses a practical method or various shortcuts
in order to produce solutions that may not be optimal, but are sufficient given
a limited timeframe or deadline. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts
that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.
Examples
that employ heuristics include using trial and error, a rule
of thumb or an educated guess.
There are positive and negatives about
heuristics. Stereotyping is a
type of heuristic that people use to form opinions or make judgments about
things they have never seen or experienced. They work as a mental shortcut to
assess everything from the social status of a person (based on their actions), to
whether a plant is tree based on the assumption that it is tall, has a trunk,
and has leaves (even though the person making the evaluation might never have
seen that particular type of tree before).
Stereotypes,
as first described by journalist Walter Lippmann in his book Public Opinion
(1922), are the pictures we have in our heads that are built around experiences
as well as what we are told about the world.[38][39]
For more info on heuristics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic
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Charts of Philosophies:
Western Philosophy at a
Glance
Western Philosophy: https://superscholar.org/history-of-philosophy/
A Chart of some Eastern Philosophy: https://superscholar.org/eastern-philosophy/
Western and some Eastern Philosophical
resources: https://plato.stanford.edu/
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy organizes scholars
from around the world in philosophy and related disciplines to create and
maintain an up-to-date reference work.
Does
your thinking about your research involve one (or combinations) of the
following?
Or
new areas of thinking that include, rather than exclude women, https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/09/20/the-philosopher-queens-why-two-ex-philosophy-students-are-crowdfunding-for-a-book-on-women-philosophers/
minorities, and thinking that is typically excluded from most global
philosophical discussions? Games have the potential to create new philosophies
as they are able to show contingencies. What is your framework?
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a type of logical thinking that starts
with a general idea and reaches a specific conclusion. It's sometimes is
referred to as top-down thinking or moving from the general to the specific.
Greek theater Aristotle and
Space Invaders
Ontology
Ontology is the study of the nature of reality
(all that is, or exists) and the different entities and categories within
reality.
Examples within the field of ontology are “isms” such as monism, pluralism,
idealism, materialism, dualism.
You
would be attempting to prove this reality,
or give your viewpoint about the reality.
A set of
concepts and categories in a subject area or domain that shows their properties
and the relations between them.
"what's new about our ontology is that it is created automatically from
large datasets"
In
computer science and information science, an ontology encompasses a
representation, formal naming and definition of the categories,
properties and relations between the concepts, data and entities that
substantiate one, many or all domains of discourse.
It is
the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
Metaphysics
Metaphysics
being the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things,
including abstract concepts such as knowing, substance, cause, identity, time,
and space. It asks, is there a God? Do we have free will? What is the
fundamental nature of reality?
Epistemology
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to
its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what
distinguishes justified belief from opinion. It asks what do we know, and what do we merely believe? Do
we really know anything? Is it
rational to hold beliefs without strong evidence that they are true, and that
the opposing views held by others are false? It is the study of how we can prove the view point or carry
out the study in order to prove our viewpoint which will contribute towards
reality.
Ethics
What is right way to live? What are our moral obligations to other
people?
Political philosophy
How should
society be organized? Is it fair for some people to have so much while others
have so little?
Philosophy of law
What is the purpose of the law? Should we
legislate morality? When is it appropriate to punish people for their actions,
and why?
Empirical
Provable, verifiable, theoretical, qualitative, analytic, quantitative, methodological,
Based
on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than
theory or pure logic.
Conversational
Having a detailed
conversation about your topic with your reader.
Dialectical
The
dialectical method involves the progression from thesis to antithesis to
synthesis, in which thesis and antithesis are two opposing forces whose
reconciliation through integration results in synthesis.
Phenomenology
A phenomenological approach concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience.
It
is about the lived experience. Uncovering the essence of something.
Transcendental phenomenology
(Edmund Husserl)
The
essence of the way you look at something is important.
Intentionality
- fundamental property of consciousness or our awareness of something
Phenomenological
reduction- the intentional consciousness using process of bracketing, reduction or “epoche.”
Suspending
your judgements and setting them aside. Being like a stranger in a strange
land. Look at something clearly and objectively.
Noesis
- to think about or interpret phenomena
Noema
- what is thought about
Horizon-
present experience, which cannot be bracketed, therefore nothing is fully seen
in its entirety as none of us are omniscient.
Hermeneutic phenomenology
(Martin Heiddiger)
He
believed there was no way we could bracket our experiences because we are
always in the circumstances of existence.
Dasein “being there”- each person is within their experience
Hermeneutic Circle- interpretation as
revision, a description of understanding. Seeing the whoe
analysis of it into parts and make a synthesis. A repetition and revision as
the whole meaning emerges.
Lenses:
-
researcher must make personal biases explicit
-
preunderstandings or fore- conceptions
-
modified nature of understanding and interpretation is created by the constant
process of renewed projection
Gadamer,
author of Truth and Method, took Heiddiger’s
hermeneutic circle: fore-conceptions or preunderstandings, renewed projection.
Look
through your biases through the various lenses: preunderstanding, attachment
theory, new meaning, in the hermeneutic circle.
Katarzyna Peoples https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGSn-AQS804&ab_channel=KatarzynaPeoples
Continental Philosophy
Continental
philosophy is often characterized by a focus on the importance of history, and
the repetition of history over time, politics (particularly the politics of
gender and sexuality), the self and self-consciousness, freedom, desire and the
will. The techniques of continental philosophy are as wide-ranging as its
subject-matter, from close historical analysis of texts, to creative reading of
ancient and modern literature, to reflection on one’s own lived experience.
Anglo-American
Anglo-American
philosophy is focused on questions about the nature of language, meaning and
thought, and on questions about how the mind relates to the world. It evolved out of the tradition established by the late-nineteenth and
early-twentieth philosophers Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. It is marked by a focus on
questions about the nature of language, meaning and thought, and on questions
about how the mind relates to the world. It fosters a belief in technological
solutions to problems.
Visitor: Dr. Tony See Sin Heng, University of London SIM
Global Institute, Singapore, Political Science and International Relations,
Political Philosophy and comparative East-West Philosophy
Eastern Philosophical
In
the Eastern Asian regions of India and China, philosophies were intimately tied
to their respective religious traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism
and Daoism and were concerned with larger questions of our relation to the
cosmos.
https://www.utm.edu/staff/jfieser/class/110/4-eastern.htm
Philosophy of Science
Does science represent the
world objectively in a way that non-scientific ways of understanding the world
do not? What is the scientific method, and how does it work?
Philosophy of Mind
Do you have an immaterial soul? Is it possible
to survive the death of your body and brain? What is the mind, and what is its
relationship to the body and brain?
Other new emerging approaches:
- Eastern and Western approach
- Activist
- Feminist
The Fog of War
“War
is the realm of uncertainty; three quarters of the factors on which action in
war is based are wrapped in a fog of greater or lesser uncertainty. A sensitive
and discriminating judgment is called for; a skilled intelligence to scent out
the truth.” — Carl von Clausewitz[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war
but also there is a type of
Fog of Living uncertainty, a “twilight”, a hypnogogic state (the state
between wakefulness and sleep) of not knowing fully how to proceed, what to do,
asking ourselves are we making the correct decisions as we feel our way through
life. Stories help us.
We are
able to learn, in safe ways, about life
and understand others more readily. We can step, literally, into another’s
shoes and see the world from their point of view….virtually in games. Games of
all sorts.
Games,
most times, provide a goal, but life does not.
We find our goals through experiences, teachings, readings, customs, and
even games. Resonating our thoughts through gameplay, finding, or fighting, our
way through gameplay - gameplay that was engineered by others. We can examine
our lives through these various lived, immersive experiences. What do we learn
from the games we play?
This
does not need to be something profound, it can be as simple as persistence
(either from gameplay, or by mission), valor, or it could be a deeper
investigation of something as profound as free will. Does that exist, if so
what is it? Do we actually have it when we feel and desire freedom?
Take for instance the indy game, The
Stanley Parable https://store.steampowered.com/app/221910/The_Stanley_Parable/
There are 18 or so endings and a large building to explore. This could provide
a sense of freedom, but when playing further one realizes that this sense of
freedom is an illusion.
In one ending the player ends
up in a museum with monitors telling how the game is made.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5_kId6Fww&ab_channel=PhiloteosGames
The player realizes that the
entire quest, turns out to be a result of a deterministic program.
https://www.youtube.com/watch
v=0TX_jc20Bwo&ab_channel=MightBeAwesome
Baruch Spinoza, the 17th century dutchman of
Jewish descent was a freethinking philosopher, excommunicated from his own
Jewish community because of this, he made a meager living as a lens-grinder, a
job which, sadly, eventually damaged his lungs and killed him. He puzzled away
at the problem of substance - mental and physical, riffing off of Rene
Descartes earlier ideas about mind/body,
perceiving and thinking, cogito ergo sum. (I think, therefore I am.) Spinoza concludes that rather than this dualism, of mind and
body, there is only one substance, God, in which everything exists. So,
thought (mind) and extension (body) are the same thing, but differently
expressed. His ideas about determinism held that absolutely everything that
happens occurs through the operation of necessity.
Games have a philosophy
How do we weave the successful interplay of narrative, game mechanics, level
design, interaction; and how do the aesthetics in art, animation, camera,
person, sound design and music work toward engineering a successful
experiential encounter where we viscerally feel the overarching philosophy and
message of the creator?
There
are philosophies expressed in simple games as well as more complex games.
Goose Game simple graphics, lots of
feeling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-Z_ubqoyUw
Hollow Knight atmospheric, colors white: communal Black: individuality Orange: divergence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAO2urG23S4
Ashen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqvDr7P6OL0
Gris https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvECQlxrhbw
Cuphead https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NN-9SQXoi50
Fran Bow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJSxwRHAam0
Master Kohga
- Legend of Zelda Breath of the Wild https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QDptkl4lW4
DETENTION Gameplay
Walkthrough https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&ei=orNtXM_gFOGVjwSb_rbYCw&q=detention+gameplay&oq=detention+gameplay&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i67j0i22i30l4.25095.25095..25782...0.0..0.95.95.1......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71.Y0gh-MkQQ28
West of Loathing Launch
Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDmOmxv2U4k
The Witness by Jonathan Blow http://number-none.com/blow/
first-person 3D puzzle video game (Creator of Braid, the 2d platformer that
enables the manipulation of time through rewind, slow, advance and alter time) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Brd0F7rlXCI
http://the-witness.net/news/
Journey by Xinghan (Jenova) Chen That Game company http://thatgamecompany.com/games/journey/
Molleindustria by Paolo Pedercini
http://www.molleindustria.org/
Kathleen Ruiz http://homepages.rpi.edu/~ruiz/projects.html
Operation Human Shield by Shawn Lawson http://www.shawnlawson.com/operation-human-shield/
A tech Demo Masters Project:
Museum of the Microstar by RUST LTD.: Anton Hand anton@xrevere.com
http://rustltd.com/projects/the-museum-of-the-microstar
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63AjgnaAAQ
Zineth
by Arcane Kids http://zinethgame.tumblr.com/ www.arcanekids.com
Perfect Stride by Arcane Kids http://pstride.tumblr.com/
Papo & Yo by Minority Media
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkrjby0lKRE An autobiographical game, telling the story of
the company's owner and his alcoholic father. You play as a young boy,
trying to make your way through a somewhat surreal version of a South American
city. The gameplay mainly consists of puzzles, and to help you solve them you
have a fierce-looking but generally friendly Monster helping you out. He's a
lot taller, bigger, and stronger than you, and most of the time you really need
him. He doesn't seem to mind helping you either, not until he finds his
favorite type of frogs to eat anyway. When he gets the frogs, he'll turn into
an unstoppable, huge, and horrifying monster. He'll come after no matter what,
and all you can do is to run and hide until he falls asleep. The creator, Vander Caballero, states,
"You
have to start with, 'I want to take someone on an emotional journey. What is
that emotional journey?'" he says. "Then the question is 'what can I
bring to someone's life that's going to be important and meaningful for them, a
lesson that will help people in their life?'"
https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/215340/Designing_for_empathy_with_Papo__Yo_dev_Minority_Media.php
Invisible Threads by Stephanie Rothenberg http://www.pan-o-matic.com/
http://www.pan-o-matic.com/projects/invisible-threads Invisible Threads: a mixed reality
performance installation exploring labor and emerging virtual economies.
Stephanie Rothenberg is a
performance, video and net-based media artist who creates interactive
situations that question relationships between individuals and socially
constructed identities, lifestyles and public spaces. Her work merges popular
forms of advertising and market research with participatory experience
involving role-playing and fantasy, in a critique of corporate models and their
infrastructures. Stephanie creates provocative interactions that question the
boundaries and social constructs of manufactured desires. Through participatory
performance, installation and networked media, her work investigates the
mediation of the physical, analog body through the digital interfaces of
commodity culture. For instance, Invisible Threads, a mixed reality
performance installation created by Jeff Crouse and Stephanie Rothenberg,
explores labor, emerging virtual economies and real life commodities through
the creation of a designer jeans sweatshop in the online, 3-dimensional world
of Second Life. [40] She is gifted in her seamless traversing of the concrete
world of the sweatshop into the ideational world of simulation and back out
again into the active participatory role of the audience.
Alan Wake by Sami Järvi better known by his artist name Sam Lake
http://www.alanwake.com/alan-wake/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAqZJNCINfo
http://www.alanwake.com/
Mass Effect by Bioware
http://www.bioware.com/en/games/
Mass Effect 3: Lesbian romance with Liara http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7R6sqiamV1I&feature=related
Mass Effect 3 Gay Love Scene with Kaidan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWwh4KljLHI
Mass Effect 2 Romance - Jack Part 2 - Love Scene http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybRGbFTIbEI
Mass Effect 2: Lesbian romance between Miranda and Jack http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Q8RTCnp4h4
The Importance of the Aesthetics
of Sound design and Music:
Music of Assassin’s Creed Winifred Philips
https://store.steampowered.com/app/260210/Assassins_Creed_Liberation_HD/
https://soundcloud.com/winifredphillips/liberation-main-theme
God of War and others
https://soundcloud.com/winifredphillips
by Julian Volyn
Tic
a game
with environmental concerns built into it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qRwqYT8myU&ab_channel=RedCandyGames